Diffusion in Lithium Niobate
Titanium Diffusion in Lithium Niobate
The Titanium diffused waveguides in Lithium Niobate, or the Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides, are formed by the diffusion of the Titanium dopant into the Lithium Niobate host. To form a waveguide, a stripe of Titanium is deposited on the LiNbO3 substrate. For a given stripe width, which we identify with the waveguide width, the amount of Titanium…
Magnesium Diffusion in Lithium Niobate
The diffusion of Magnesium dopant into the Lithium Niobate host induces negative index changes. The process starts by deposition of a stripe Magnesium source, usually the oxide of Magnesium, onto the Lithium Niobate crystal. The sample is then heated for several hours, similar to the Titanium diffusion process. Formally, the resulting refractive index distribution can be…
Proton Exchange Process in Lithium Niobate
Proton exchange in Lithium Niobate involves a replacement of Lithium ions (Li+) by hydrogen ions, or protons (H+). The replacement causes a change in refractive index, thus forming a waveguide. Proton exchange is one of the methods used for forming optical waveguides in Lithium Niobate, LiNbO3, as well as in Lithium Tantalate, LiTaO3. The waveguide…
